Consultation-led aesthetic medicine · Brighton & Hove · By appointmentConsultation-led · Brighton

VOLUME · SHAPE · DEFINITION

Dermal FillersFeminine softness.
Masculine definition.

Refine your features, restore a more youthful shape or enhance your femininity or masculinity, with proportion, structure and balance considered across the whole face.

Explore the treatment

At a glance

Volume, shape & definition.

VolumeRestore selected fullness

Replace volume where its loss makes a feature look less supported or more tired.

ShapeRefine your features

Enhance selected facial features, with feminine softness or masculine definition guided by your preferences.

BalanceConsider the whole face

Plan the amount and placement around your existing proportions, structure and any previous filler.

ProgressBuild where useful

A visible change can appear straight away. Where helpful, we reassess the settled result before considering another stage.

Quick overviewYour appointment at a glance
Consultation
A treatment booking begins with assessment and discussion; a consultation-only appointment gives you time to decide later.
Treatment appointment
Usually 45–60 minutes; more time is allowed for additional syringes or areas. The appointment includes preparation, agreed numbing, filler placement and aftercare.
Comfort & preparation
Local anaesthetic cream or anaesthetic injections are planned for the area. Follow your written preparation instructions and bring previous filler records if available, even if the result seems to have faded.
Recovery
Allow around one to two weeks before judging the result; some swelling or bruising can last longer. Ordinary activities may be possible, but visible recovery can affect your plans.
Aftercare & events
Written aftercare covers skincare, makeup and activity. Common advice includes avoiding strenuous exercise and intense heat for 24–48 hours. Allow several weeks before an important event, especially for a first treatment.
Review & further treatment
We agree when to review the settled result for your area and treatment. Any additional filler is a separate decision, based on what remains and what would help.
Fees
Current treatment prices are listed on the Fees page.

The complete conversation

Your questions about
dermal fillers

What dermal fillers can restore or reshape, what they cannot address, and what treatment and recovery involve.

odNOVA guide
  1. 1 You
  2. 2 Piotr
  3. 3 Clinical
  4. 4 In depth

Choose a question

What can dermal fillers change? Piotr answers

Piotr

Dermal fillers can restore lost volume, soften selected folds and refine the shape of a feature. That might mean bringing fullness back to the cheeks, improving the balance of the chin or giving the lips more definition.

Considering lip filler? Read the dedicated guide to lip enhancement, recovery, risks and fees.

I start by asking what you would like to change. A hollow, a dark mark and loose skin can all make an area look tired, but adding volume will only help some of those concerns.

Can filler make my face look less tired?

It can help when lost volume creates a hollow and a shadow. Restoring that volume can soften the transition between neighbouring areas and make the face look more rested.

Brown pigmentation and puffiness need a different assessment. Adding filler to an already swollen area may make it look heavier.

What is better treated another way?

The right alternative depends on what is causing the change:

  • Lines caused mainly by expression: assess the muscle movement; a muscle-relaxing treatment may be more suitable.
  • Uneven colour or rough texture: skincare, a chemical peel or another skin treatment may help.
  • Loose skin or pronounced eye bags: a surgical assessment may be more useful than adding volume.

Some fine lines can be treated with filler. The aim is to choose an approach that addresses the cause of your concern.

Why do some areas become hollow while others look heavier?

Ageing changes the shape of the bones, the amount and position of facial fat, and the tissues that support the skin. These changes do not happen evenly. A cheek can lose fullness while the lower face becomes heavier.[3][26]

Filler may replace some missing volume. It does not reverse every change in the supporting tissues, so treating a hollow and treating sagging are different decisions.

Could filler help after weight loss?

Weight loss can reduce facial fullness and make loose skin more noticeable. Filler may help a selected hollow, but trying to fill all the looseness can add unwanted bulk.[4]

If your weight is still changing, the face may change further too. The timing of treatment should take that into account, alongside whether the main concern is lost volume or loose skin.

What are dermal fillers, and how do they work? Piotr answers

Piotr

The fillers discussed here are gels made from hyaluronic acid (HA), a substance naturally present in the body that holds water. The HA is modified to form a gel that lasts longer in the tissues. Placed in or beneath the skin, it can add fullness or support a more defined shape.[8][9][44]

Is filler the same as a treatment for expression lines?

No. Filler adds volume within the tissue. Treatment that reduces muscle activity works on the movement that repeatedly creases the skin. A fold caused by lost volume and a line caused mainly by movement may therefore need different treatment. Some concerns involve both.

How is a filler chosen for the treatment area?

A softer gel may suit an area that needs flexibility; a firmer gel may be selected when greater definition or support is needed. The depth of placement and the way the area moves also matter.[8][41]

I explain which material is proposed and why it suits the intended change. The same gel is not suitable for every feature.

What does “cross-linked” mean?

Cross-linking joins hyaluronic-acid chains together so the gel lasts longer before the body breaks it down. It also affects how firm or flexible the gel feels. More cross-linking does not automatically mean a better result: the gel needs to suit the area and the intended change.

[44]
Is filler suitable for me, and when should I consider it? Piotr answers

Piotr

Filler may be worth considering if you would like to restore volume or change the shape of a particular feature. There is no age at which you need to start. What matters is the change you want, whether filler can achieve it and whether treatment is suitable for your health and previous treatment history.

At the consultation, I will explain what I think would help and what I would leave alone. You can take time to decide. Cosmetic filler treatment in England is restricted to adults.[2]

When might filler be unsuitable?

If extra volume is unlikely to improve the concern, if the expected change is too small to justify the risk, or if there is a medical reason to delay. Previous filler also needs to be considered, but having had filler before does not automatically rule out further treatment.

I explain the reason clearly, together with any more suitable option. You can also choose to leave the area untreated.

What health information should I provide?

Your medical history needs to include medical conditions, including autoimmune conditions, allergies, medicines and supplements, previous filler or implants, reactions to treatment and cold sores. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, dental plans and current skin problems also matter.

This information can change the timing, pain relief or treatment plan. For example, medicines that affect clotting can increase bruising. Do not stop prescribed medication on your own to prepare for treatment.

When should treatment be postponed?

If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, we’ll leave filler treatment for another time. I may also need to wait if the skin I would be treating is broken or infected, or if a medical condition needs to be brought under control first. An allergy or a previous serious reaction may mean that a particular filler is not suitable for you.[47]

Routine dental treatment should be scheduled at least two weeks before or after filler treatment. Recurrent cold sores and medicines that affect immunity or bleeding need individual advice. They are not all automatic exclusions, but should be discussed before the appointment.

What if I am unsure whether to have it?

You can use the consultation to understand your options and decide later. It helps to describe a specific change you would value, rather than feeling that your whole face needs correcting. If the likely improvement would not be worthwhile to you, there is no obligation to proceed.

A cosmetic procedure cannot reliably resolve wider distress about appearance. If a concern is taking over your daily life, that deserves attention in its own right.

How is treatment planned to avoid an overfilled look? Piotr answers

Piotr

Where the filler is placed and how it is injected matter. The plan needs to reflect your facial structure, movement and the change you want. The same injection pattern does not suit every face.

A change needs to work with your face from every angle: from the front, in profile and during expression.

Your preferences matter, whether you want a subtle change or something more noticeable. A reference photograph can help show the style you like; what is achievable still depends on your own features.

Where a gradual approach makes sense, the first stage is agreed before treatment.

How much filler will I need?

The amount is estimated after examining the area and checking any previous filler. Restoring cheek volume may need a different amount from a small change to the lips or chin. A photograph alone cannot reliably establish how much you need.

I explain the proposed amount and total cost before treatment.

Can filler change facial shape as well as replace volume?

Yes, these are different reasons for considering filler:

  • Facial beautification: refining a feature or its proportions, such as the projection of the chin.
  • Facial masculinisation: considering a more defined or angular contour, often around the chin or jaw. The intended shape is based on your preference and anatomy.
  • Structural rejuvenation: replacing selected volume lost over time, for example in the cheeks.

These terms describe the intended change. They do not mean every area needs treatment, and filler cannot reproduce every change achievable with surgery.

What causes an overfilled appearance?

An overfilled appearance can come from too much product, unsuitable placement or repeated top-ups over filler that is still present. Early swelling can also make a recent treatment look fuller than it will once settled.

That is why I assess what is already there and allow swelling to settle before considering another treatment.

Will I need one appointment or treatment in stages?

One appointment may be enough. For a larger change, or if you would prefer to build the result gradually, we can plan treatment in stages.

After the first stage has settled, we review how it looks and how you feel about it. There is no commitment to continue if you are happy with the result.

Can filler make both sides perfectly symmetrical?

Faces are naturally asymmetric. Filler may reduce selected differences in volume or contour, but perfectly matching both sides is not a realistic aim. Bone shape and muscle movement can contribute to differences that filler alone cannot correct.

The starting differences are discussed so that you know which ones the proposed treatment may improve.

Does filler work, and what results have studies found? Piotr answers

Piotr

Studies have measured improvements in volume, folds and fine lines, as well as patients’ satisfaction. In one cheek-volume trial, 76% met the improvement threshold at six months, compared with 8% without treatment.[35]

In a separate lip study, 48.3% still met the study’s threshold for improved fullness at twelve months, while more than 80% remained satisfied. People who needed repeat treatment were counted as no longer meeting that fullness threshold. I keep those findings separate: being happy with the result does not necessarily mean the same fullness is still there.[34]

These findings relate to particular products and areas of the face. I use them alongside your assessment to discuss the change you can reasonably expect.

What did patients and assessors report?

The studies use different measures, including volume ratings, wrinkle-severity scores and satisfaction. A percentage of people who improved does not mean their wrinkles became that percentage shallower. The size of each study, follow-up and limitations are included below.

Research

Ren et al. (2024) · Cheek volume · 148 participants

76% improved at six months, compared with 8% without treatment. At twelve months, 51% still met the study’s improvement threshold.[35]

Study details and original results
Who and what
A randomised study in China: 111 adults received Restylane Volyme; 37 initially received no treatment. Mean total volume was 3.4 ml, including optional touch-ups.
What counted as improvement
An assessor who did not know which treatment each participant received checked whether both cheeks moved into a fuller category on the study’s volume scale. Follow-up was measured from the last injection, including any touch-up.
Patients’ views
More than 97% reported overall satisfaction and more than 94% a natural look through twelve months. These were separate patient ratings, not the blinded volume assessment.
How to interpret it
The six-month difference was 68 percentage points. There was no untreated comparison at twelve months. This is evidence about cheek volume with this product, not every facial area. Galderma funded the study; two authors were employees.
Read the original study ↗

Research

Eccleston & Murphy (2012) · Lips · 60 participants

93.2% had improved lip fullness at three months; 48.3% at twelve months. More than 80% remained satisfied at twelve months.[34]

91.4% rated the appearance as natural-looking at one month. This was the participants’ own assessment.

Study details and original results
Who and what
Sixty women at four European clinics received Juvéderm Volbella. Fifteen had an optional two-week top-up; mean total volume was 1.33 ml.
What counted as improvement
The investigator recorded at least one grade of improvement on a four-point lip-fullness scale: 93.2% at three months, 78.0% at nine months and 48.3% at twelve months.
Patients’ views
Satisfaction was 96.6% at one month and over 80% at twelve months, using a score of 7–10 out of 10. At one month, 91.4% rated the appearance as natural-looking.
What about side effects?

Treatment-related reactions were recorded in 34 of 60 women. Bruising was reported in 31/60 (51.7%); swelling and lumps in 5/60 (8.3%) each. All recorded reactions were mild or moderate, and two-thirds of the events settled within a week. One lump was still present when reported. No severe or serious treatment-related events were recorded. I include these findings alongside fullness and satisfaction, so you can see what the treatment involved as well as its result.[34]

How to interpret it
There was no untreated comparison; participants knew they had treatment. Those re-treated early remained in the response-rate denominator. Allergan designed and funded the study. Fullness, satisfaction and a natural appearance were different outcomes.
Read the original study ↗

Research

Prager et al. (2012) · Nasolabial folds · 40 participants

Average wrinkle-severity scores fell from 2.3 to 1.5–1.6 at twelve months. Lower scores meant less severe folds beside the nose and mouth.[37]

Study details and original results
Who and what
Forty participants in two groups of twenty received different HA fillers on opposite sides of the face. Belotero was compared with Restylane or Juvéderm; mean volume was slightly under 1.5 ml per fold.
What was measured
The study followed wrinkle severity for twelve months. Mean scores started at 2.3 and were 1.5 or 1.6 at the final assessment, depending on the product.
How to interpret it
This was a small randomised split-face comparison of active products, without an untreated side. The figures are average severity scores, not the percentage of patients improved or a percentage reduction in wrinkle depth.
Read the original study ↗

Research

Cartier et al. (2025) · Fine lines · 196 participants

At eighteen months, improvement was still recorded in 66% for forehead lines, 88% for upper-lip wrinkles, 56% for cheek folds and 57% for crow’s feet.[40]

Study details and original results
Who and what
A French study of 196 adults (182 women, 14 men) using ARTFILLER Fine Lines. Participants could have more than one area treated. Treatment was given once, without top-ups.
Amount and outcome
The average amounts used were 1.1 ml for forehead lines, 0.8 ml for upper-lip wrinkles, 1.6 ml across both cheeks and 0.9 ml across both crow’s-feet areas. Researchers counted an improvement when the wrinkles moved into a less severe category on their assessment scale. This describes how noticeable the wrinkles were, not a percentage reduction in their depth.
How to interpret it
The full methods describe a prospective, non-comparative study: there was no untreated control. Percentages use the available assessments for each area, not all 196 people in every group. This tested a filler for superficial wrinkles, not deep volume replacement or muscle-relaxing injections. FILLMED funded the study; two authors declared relationships with the company.
Read the original study ↗

Research · Liew et al. (2016) · Nasal contours

How long did the improvement last?

In this study of 29 Asian adults, the final analysis rated 28 of 29 (96.6%) as improved around 14 months after treatment began. 23 of 29 (79.3%) were satisfied or very satisfied with the treatment. I look at both: a visible change and how someone feels about it are different measures.[36]

Study details and original results
What treatment did they have?
The study used Juvéderm VOLUMA with lidocaine to change nasal contours. The average initial amount was 1.36 ml; 14 of 29 had additional treatment after four weeks.
What happened during recovery?
Swelling affected 28/29, bruising 16/29 and pain 11/29. Reactions were mild or moderate. Two cases of displaced filler were corrected by moulding. No serious adverse events were reported, although 29 people cannot establish how often rare complications occur.
How much can we take from this?
27 of 29 completed the study. Earlier scores filled in missing results. There was no comparison group, and the manufacturer sponsored the research. These results concern this treatment of the nose; they do not establish how long filler lasts elsewhere.
Read the original study ↗

Research · Puyana et al. · Tear trough filler

What did this study find about filler beneath the eyes?

Researchers compared before-and-after photographs of 155 patients treated with tear trough filler. The tear trough appeared less pronounced by one category in 105 patients (68%), two categories in 22 (14%) and three categories in five (3%). For example, moving from severe to moderate counted as one category of improvement. The remaining 23 patients (15%) had smaller changes that did not move them into a lower category.[38]

These figures describe the appearance in photographs; they do not measure patient satisfaction.

Study details and original results
What does one grade mean?

An improvement of one grade means moving down one category—for example, from severe to moderate. Two grades could mean moving from severe to mild. Patients started at different levels.[51]

What were the results?

105 patients (68%) improved by one category, 22 (14%) by two and five (3%) by three. The remaining 23 (15%) showed smaller changes that did not move them into a lower category.[38]

These ratings describe changes visible in photographs. They do not mean 25%, 50% or 75% correction, and they do not measure how satisfied patients felt.

How long was improvement visible?

The researchers compared photographs taken before treatment with photographs taken at later appointments. Improvement was still visible up to 18 months in patients assessed at those later visits. Not everyone returned at the same times, and the paper does not say how many were assessed at each interval. Improvement was less likely beyond 18 months.[38]

What are the limits?

This does not mean everyone’s result lasted 18 months. There was no untreated comparison group, and the study did not measure patient satisfaction or establish an overall complication rate.

Read the original study ↗

Research · Chin filler

Sahan et al. (2020) · Chin shape · 50 women

In a study of 50 women who had HA filler to improve chin shape, 30 (60%) were extremely satisfied, 18 (36%) were satisfied and 2 (4%) felt neutral. That means 48 of 50 (96%) reported satisfaction.[53]

Study details and original results
What treatment did they have?

The researchers reviewed treatment records from one clinic. The median amount of HA filler was 2.25 ml, with amounts ranging from 1 to 4 ml.

What does this tell me?

This was a small study without an untreated comparison group. The figures describe how patients felt about their result; they do not measure a percentage increase in chin projection or establish how long satisfaction lasted. I keep that distinction clear when discussing the evidence with you.

Where does the review fit?

This is one of the individual studies included in the 2023 chin-filler review. Its 96% satisfaction figure is not a combined result for the whole review.[12]

Read the original study ↗

Research · Chin filler

Marcus et al. (2022) · Recessed chin · 140 participants

In a randomised study of 140 adults, 87 of 107 (81.3%) assigned Restylane Defyne had a less recessed chin at 12 weeks after the final injection, compared with 2 of 33 (6.1%) assigned no treatment.[52]

Study details and original results
What counted as improvement?

An assessor who did not know the treatment allocation recorded a move to a less severe category of chin recession: for example, moderate becoming mild. Participants started with mild or moderate recession. Missing twelve-week results were counted as no improvement.

How long did the improvement last?

At 48 weeks after the final injection, 74% of those assessed in the filler group still met that threshold, compared with 11% in the untreated group. These percentages use the available assessments at that visit.

How much filler was used?

The mean total was 3.6 ml, including an optional top-up given to 78 people after four weeks. I include this because the results should not be read as the effect of a single 1 ml treatment.

What are the limits?

The study tested one product in selected adults and was funded by its manufacturer, Galderma.

Read the original study ↗
What happens at the appointment? Piotr answers

Piotr

A filler appointment usually takes 45–60 minutes. I allow more time for additional areas or syringes. We confirm the plan before I prepare your skin, provide the agreed numbing and place the filler. The appointment also includes time to go through your aftercare.

How should I prepare for my appointment?

Follow the preparation instructions I send you, and have your medical information and any previous filler records ready.

Let me know before your appointment if your health has changed, a cold sore or skin infection has developed, or you have arranged dental treatment. If you are unsure about an instruction, contact me. Do not stop prescribed medicines on your own.

Who assesses and treats me at odNOVA?

I am Piotr Wojtowicz, a GPhC-registered Pharmacist Independent Prescriber. I assess and treat you personally.

You can read about my qualifications, training and approach on the About me page.

Why are photographs taken?

Photographs record your starting appearance, including differences between the two sides of your face. They help us compare the settled result with how you looked before treatment.

I take them with your consent as part of your clinical record. They are not permission to publish your photographs.

Can consultation and treatment happen on the same day?

If you book a treatment appointment, assessment and discussion come first, and treatment can follow when the agreed plan is suitable. A consultation-only appointment gives you time to explore the options and decide later. You can check the appointment types in online booking.

What is the difference between a needle and a cannula?

A needle has a sharp tip. A cannula is a thin, blunt-ended tube introduced through a small entry point. They allow different approaches to placement, and either may be appropriate depending on the area.

A cannula may reduce bruising in some situations, but it is not risk-free. The choice is made for the anatomy and intended placement, rather than treating one device as automatically safe.[25][42]

See the reported needle and cannula complication rates.

What does treatment feel like?Piotr answers

Piotr

A brief pinprick as the needle enters, followed by pressure as the filler is placed. If you have had anti-wrinkle injections, mesotherapy or polynucleotide treatment, the initial needle sensation may be familiar.

The treatment can still feel different. Needle size, injection technique, depth and the area being treated all influence the sensation.

Local anaesthetic cream or anaesthetic injections are selected for the area. Lip treatment uses injectable local anaesthetic.

When will I see the result, and how much recovery time is needed? Piotr answers

Piotr

You will usually see a change in volume or shape straight away, but give it time to settle. Swelling can make the area look fuller or less even at first. Allow around one to two weeks before judging the result; some bruising or swelling can last longer.[47]

How much this affects your plans depends on the area treated and how comfortable you feel with visible swelling or bruising. We can discuss work and upcoming events before choosing a date.

Will I be able to work or go out afterwards?

Often you can return to ordinary activities, but visible swelling or bruising may affect how comfortable you feel going out. Lips and other sensitive areas can be more noticeable during recovery. If your work involves physical exertion, follow the activity advice given for your treatment.

How far ahead of an important event should I book?

Allow several weeks before an important event, particularly for your first treatment. The timing needs to leave room for swelling to settle and a review if needed.

How should I plan travel around treatment?

Travel plans should be considered before booking filler. Leave time for recovery and access to follow-up. Your departure date, destination and access to medical care help determine a suitable treatment date.

How should I care for the treated area?

I will give you written aftercare for your treatment. It covers skincare, make-up and when to resume your usual activities.

Avoid alcohol for at least 24 hours after treatment. A longer alcohol-free period can be agreed as part of your aftercare. Alcohol does not help your body heal. Common advice includes avoiding strenuous exercise and intense heat for the first 24–48 hours. Do not press or massage the area unless I have specifically advised it. Follow the timings in your own instructions.[47]

What if I feel a lump or dislike the result?

Contact me so I can assess it, rather than trying to massage or correct it yourself. Early swelling and firmness can affect the result, while a persistent lump or visible unevenness may need a different approach.

Depending on the cause, we may allow more time, treat a complication or discuss an adjustment or dissolving. If you have urgent warning symptoms, seek help immediately.

Will I have a review after treatment?

We agree when to review the settled result according to the area and treatment you have had. At that appointment, we compare your photographs and talk about how you feel about the change.

You are welcome to return with questions or concerns before a planned review. Contact me if you would like the area checked.

Can I contact the clinic with questions after treatment?

At odNOVA, your care does not end when you enter your PIN. If you are unsure about your recovery, have an aftercare question or want to talk about the result, I am here to help.

You can message me on WhatsApp, email me or call. I cannot answer a call while I am with another patient. For urgent warning signs, seek help straight away rather than waiting for a message reply.

How long will the result last, and will I need top-ups? Piotr answers

Piotr

Many HA filler results last around six to eighteen months, and some deeper treatments last longer. I will discuss the likely duration for your product and treatment area, because lip treatment and deeper cheek support do not necessarily last the same length of time.[47]

When you feel the result is fading, we can look at what has changed and whether more filler would help. I do not base that decision on a fixed top-up date: some filler may still be present even when its visible effect has reduced.[5]

Why does the result last longer in some areas than others?

Different products are designed for different depths and amounts of movement. A gel used for lip shape does not behave exactly like one placed deeply for cheek support. Your tissues, previous filler and the amount used also affect the result.

I explain the expected duration for the actual product and area in your plan; one figure cannot describe every filler treatment.

Can filler remain after its visible effect has faded?

Yes. Imaging studies have found filler years after the last treatment. That does not tell us how long the cosmetic improvement lasted, or how often this happens across all patients. Read the MRI findings and their limitations.

Keep your treatment records, and tell a clinician arranging facial or head imaging that you have had filler.

Research · imaging

Master et al. (2024) · Midface MRI · 33 patients

HA filler was detectable in all 33 patients at least two years after their last midface injection. One patient’s last treatment was up to fifteen years earlier.[5]

What did the scans show?
Who was examined
One observational series of 33 people, not 33 separate studies. Twenty-four had no symptoms; nine reported concerns about swelling. Twenty-one had last been injected two to five years earlier and twelve more than five years earlier.
What this means
Detectable material is not the same as a lasting cosmetic benefit. This selected group cannot tell us what percentage of all patients retain filler this long, but it supports assessing what remains before adding more.
Read the original study ↗
Will I need the same amount each time?

Not necessarily. If some correction remains, a smaller amount may be enough. At other times a similar amount may be useful, or I may advise that you do not need more. We make that decision from your face at the time, rather than repeating the previous dose.

What happens if I decide to stop?

You are not committing to lifelong treatment. As the filler breaks down, its visible contribution usually reduces gradually. Your face also continues to change with age and weight. Some material may remain longer than expected, so stopping does not mean an immediate return to an exact pre-treatment appearance.[5][9]

What are the risks, and when should I seek help? Piotr answers

Piotr

Swelling, bruising and tenderness are common after treatment. Less common problems include infection, persistent lumps, prolonged swelling and filler moving from its intended position.[13][14]

Rarely, filler can block a blood vessel, causing skin damage; sight loss and stroke have also been reported. I will explain the risks for the area we are considering and how I plan treatment to reduce them.[14][16]

Severe or increasing pain, unusual skin colour or a sudden change in vision need urgent assessment. Read the warning signs and what to do.

Can problems develop months or years later?

Yes. Delayed swelling or inflamed lumps can develop after the early recovery period. Reactions have been reported after illness, dental procedures or vaccination, although the cause is often unclear. New swelling or a lump needs assessment; it should not simply be treated as normal settling.[18][19][20][54]

Keep a record of the product, date and treated area. This can help a clinician assess a later problem, even if the visible effect has faded.

Which symptoms need urgent action?

Contact the treating clinic immediately for severe or increasing pain, skin turning persistently white, grey or mottled, unusual coldness, or blistering. A blood-supply problem can occur without severe pain.[14]

Any sudden change in vision needs immediate emergency assessment. Call 999 for sudden facial or limb weakness, difficulty speaking, or a severe allergic reaction with breathing difficulty or throat swelling.[16][46]

Increasing redness, warmth, tenderness or discharge may indicate infection and also need prompt medical advice.

Can filler move after treatment?

Yes. Filler can move away from where it was placed. Technique, excessive volume, unsuitable placement or too much injection pressure can contribute.[48]

Choosing the product, amount and placement is my responsibility. If the shape changes, I need to assess the cause: swelling, overfilling and movement of the gel can look similar.

How is the treatment planned to reduce risk?

Before injecting, I check the anatomy, previous filler and your medical history, then choose the product and approach for that area. These steps reduce avoidable risk, but no injection technique removes it entirely.

I record the treatment details and provide written aftercare, including how to contact me.

What do studies report about complications?
How often do serious complications occur?

One large clinician survey recorded a blocked blood vessel with about 1 in 5,727 HA syringes injected using a needle and 1 in 35,023 using a cannula. These are reported rates per 1 ml syringe, not your individual risk per appointment. Read the study, raw numbers and limitations.

For sight loss and some other rare outcomes, published reports do not establish a dependable rate across all treatments. Why some risks cannot be given as a percentage.[16][43]

Research · delayed reactions

Rivers (2022) · One Canadian clinic · 2,139 patients

About 1 in 306 patients developed delayed nodules (7 of 2,139; 0.33%). This is a rate for one particular complication, not the overall chance of a side effect.[19]

Which reactions and treatments were counted?
What was studied
A retrospective review of patients treated with VYC-family HA fillers at one clinic. The outcome was delayed-onset nodules: lumps appearing after the initial recovery period.
Limits of the number
The result is specific to those products, that clinic and its records. It does not include every temporary injection mark, bruise or episode of swelling, and cannot describe the risk for all fillers or all injectors.
Read the original study ↗

Research · Sadeghpour et al. (2019) · delayed lumps

How often were delayed lumps recorded?

This review covered 1,029 patients and 1,250 treatments using three HA filler products. Five patients developed delayed lumps with one product, with a reported rate of 1.0% among patients treated with that product and 0.8% per syringe. No delayed nodules were recorded with the other two products.[45]

Study details and interpretation
What happened afterwards?
The authors reported that all recorded nodules were successfully treated with steroid and hyaluronidase injections.
What are the limits?
The 1.0% figure applies to one product group, not to all 1,029 patients or every HA filler. Existing records can miss complications. The available abstract does not establish equal follow-up for everyone or how long each reaction took to settle.
What does this mean for you?
If a new lump appears after the early swelling has settled, I need to assess it. The successful treatment reported here is useful to know, although it cannot promise the same outcome for everyone.
Read the original study abstract ↗

Research · blood-vessel complications

Alam et al. (2021) · 370 US dermatologists

A blocked blood vessel was reported with about 1 in 5,727 HA syringes injected using a needle (0.0175%), and 1 in 35,023 using a cannula (0.00286%).[42]

These figures are per 1 ml syringe, not per patient or appointment.

What was counted, and what about the most serious outcomes?
The underlying numbers
For HA fillers, clinicians reported 162 occlusions among 927,841 needle-delivered syringes and 12 among 420,281 cannula-delivered syringes over their recalled ten-year experience.
Serious outcomes
Among these HA occlusions, 22 were reported with scarring and two with eye injury. These outcome counts are not a dependable estimate of blindness risk.
Limits
This was a retrospective self-report survey, not a randomised comparison. Recall, under-reporting and differences between injectors or treated areas can affect the figures. Neither instrument eliminates risk; these are not odNOVA’s complication rates.
Read the original study and tables ↗

Research · Tamura et al. (2025) · serious complications

What did this large review find?

Researchers reviewed records from a Japanese clinic group covering 209,083 patients and 290,307 treated sites. They recorded 12 serious complications: 10 blood-vessel blockages and 2 infections. The authors reported a rate of 0.0041% per treated site.[50]

Study details and interpretation
What are the limits?
This was a review of existing records. Problems that were not recorded could have been missed. The figure concerns serious complications in this clinic group; it does not include every side effect or give your individual risk. Treated sites are not the same as individual patients. The available abstract does not establish how consistently everyone was followed up.
What does this mean for you?
Serious problems were infrequently recorded in this study. I use findings like these to help explain the scale of risk, alongside the area being treated and your own assessment.
Read the original study abstract ↗
Why can some risks not be given as a percentage?

Rare serious events are often described in case reports or voluntary reporting systems. Without knowing the total number of treatments, those reports cannot give a reliable risk per patient.

The FDA includes death among rare reported filler risks. Its reports do not establish a mortality rate specifically for facial HA treatment, and a report needs investigation before a causal link can be confirmed.[1][49] Read the FDA explanation of the data limits ↗

Can filler be dissolved if I change my mind? Piotr answers

Piotr

HA filler can be broken down with an enzyme called hyaluronidase. If you are unhappy with a settled result, I first assess what is causing the concern before discussing whether dissolving is the right approach.

In my experience, more than one appointment is rarely needed. The result may differ from how the area looked before filler, so we will discuss what to expect.[21][22][24]

Can every type of filler be dissolved?

No. Hyaluronidase acts on hyaluronic acid; it does not dissolve every filler material. This is why knowing what was injected matters. Even with HA filler, how much can be removed and how the area will look afterwards need to be assessed.[21][23]

Before elective dissolving, I will go through the risks with you, including allergic reactions.[21][24]

What if I have old filler but do not know which product?

Bring any previous treatment records, including the clinic, date, area and amount if available. If the material or its location is uncertain, further assessment or imaging may be needed before deciding whether to add or dissolve filler.

You do not need to reconstruct the history perfectly yourself. Explain what you remember; missing information is a reason to investigate, rather than guess.

Is dissolving an unwanted result the same as emergency treatment?

No. An unwanted cosmetic result can usually be assessed after early swelling has settled. Suspected loss of blood supply requires urgent assessment and treatment. Do not wait for a routine review if you have warning symptoms.[14][24]

Before having HA filler, make sure your practitioner has hyaluronidase immediately available on site and is trained to use it in an emergency. If it is not available, do not go ahead with treatment there.[14]

What makes the response to dissolving variable?

Different HA gels break down at different rates. The amount, location and distribution of filler also matter. Evidence on the most effective facial dissolving protocols is limited, so the response must be checked rather than assuming a single dose will give a precise result.[22][23]

I’m interested in filler. What is the next step?Piotr answers

Piotr

Start with what you would like to change. At your appointment, I will assess your facial structure, proportions and movement, then explain where filler could make a useful difference and what I would recommend for you.

We will discuss the expected result, recovery and the risks relevant to your treatment. You will understand the reasoning behind the plan, including the amount and placement of filler.

Book an appointment with me, and let’s look at what could work for your face.

Question index

All your questions,
by topic.

Open a topic and choose a question to go straight to its answer.

Browse all 59 questions
Understanding fillers and facial changes9 questions
Suitability and your decision5 questions
Planning the shape and amount6 questions
Research and results2 questions
Your appointment and comfort8 questions
Recovery and review8 questions
Duration and repeat treatment6 questions
Risks and safety10 questions
Dissolving and previous filler5 questions

References & sources

Numbered links support the statements beside them. The list also includes further reading on anatomy, materials and complications. A study result applies to the product, area and patients studied; it is not an individual outcome prediction.

View all 54 references
  1. Device description, approved uses and recognised risks (legal/safety context, not UK authorisation): U.S. Food and Drug Administration (n.d.) Dermal fillers (soft tissue fillers). Available at: www.fda.gov/medical-devices/aesthetic-cosmetic-devices/dermal-fillers-soft-tissue-fillers (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  2. Under-18 prohibition (England): Department of Health and Social Care (2021) Botulinum toxin and cosmetic fillers for under-18s: guidance for enforcement officers. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/botulinum-toxin-and-cosmetic-fillers-for-under-18s-guidance-for-enforcement-officers/botulinum-toxin-and-cosmetic-fillers-for-under-18s-guidance-for-enforcement-officers (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  3. Structural facial ageing (multi-layer): Farkas, J.P., Pessa, J.E., Hubbard, B. and Rohrich, R.J. (2013) ‘The science and theory behind facial aging’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery – Global Open, 1(1), e8. doi:10.1097/GOX.0b013e31828ed1da. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4174174/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  4. Facial changes after weight loss: Jafar, A.B., Jacob, J., Kao, W.K. and Ho, T. (2024) ‘Soft Tissue Facial Changes Following Massive Weight Loss Secondary to Medical and Surgical Bariatric Interventions: A Systematic Review’, Aesthetic Surgery Journal Open Forum, 6, ojae069. doi:10.1093/asjof/ojae069. PMID 39346804. PMCID PMC11427949. Most included studies reported facial change qualitatively; only one performed objective volumetric measurement, in five patients. The article’s own text describes it as a scoping review, although the title says systematic review. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11427949/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  5. Long-term material persistence on imaging (detectable HA, not visible correction): Master, M., Azizeddin, A. and Master, V. (2024) ‘Hyaluronic Acid Filler Longevity in the Mid-face: A Review of 33 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery – Global Open, 12(7), e5934. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000005934. PMID 39015357. One observational review of MRI examinations in 33 patients — not 33 separate studies. Detectable material is not visible correction. Available at: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39015357/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  6. Further reading · UK regulation & hyaluronidase off-label context: Department of Health and Social Care (2023) The licensing of non-surgical cosmetic procedures in England. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/consultations/licensing-of-non-surgical-cosmetic-procedures/the-licensing-of-non-surgical-cosmetic-procedures-in-england (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  7. Midface / cheek efficacy & satisfaction: Safia, A., Abd Elhadi, U., Merchavy, S., Batheesh, R. and Bathish, N. (2025) ‘Efficacy and Safety of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers for Midface Augmentation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’, Medicina, 61(10), 1823. doi:10.3390/medicina61101823. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12566132/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  8. Rheology & tissue integration (clinical implications): Fundarò, S.P., Salti, G., Malgapo, D.M.H. and Innocenti, S. (2022) ‘The Rheology and Physicochemical Characteristics of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: Their Clinical Implications’, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(18), 10518. doi:10.3390/ijms231810518. PMID 36142430. A narrative review, and all four authors had industry relationships: Fundarò, Salti and Hernandez Malgapo held consultancy contracts with RELIFE, and Innocenti was RELIFE’s Head of Scientific Affairs; funding is listed to NA/Menarini. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9503994/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  9. HA composition & advanced rheology: Faivre, J. et al. (2021) ‘Advanced concepts in rheology for the evaluation of hyaluronic acid–based soft tissue fillers’, Dermatologic Surgery. Available at: doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000002916 (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  10. Further reading · Viscoelastic behaviour, biphasic vs monophasic cross-linking: Hong, G.-W., Wan, J., Park, Y., Chang, K., Chan, L.K.W., Lee, K.W.A. and Yi, K.-H. (2024) ‘Rheological Characteristics of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers as Viscoelastic Substances’, Polymers, 16(16), 2386. doi:10.3390/polym16162386. PMID 39204605. A review of how HA gels behave and how cross-linking changes their properties. Available at: www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/16/2386 (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  11. Lip efficacy & satisfaction: Stojanovič, L. and Majdič, N. (2019) ‘Effectiveness and safety of hyaluronic acid fillers used to enhance overall lip fullness: A systematic review of clinical studies’, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(2), pp. 436–443. doi:10.1111/jocd.12861. PMID 30636365. Available at: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30636365/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  12. Chin / profile efficacy (patient-reported outcomes): Al-Khafaji, M.Q.M. et al. (2023) ‘The application and efficacy of hyaluronic acid fillers for chin enhancement and retrusion correction: a systematic review of patient-reported outcomes’, Cureus. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719547/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  13. Common facial adverse events: Colon, J., Mirkin, S., Hardigan, P., Elias, M.J. and Jacobs, R.J. (2023) ‘Adverse Events Reported From Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Injections to the Facial Region: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’, Cureus, 15(4), e38286. doi:10.7759/cureus.38286. A correction was published 30 June 2023 (doi:10.7759/cureus.c125) for proofreading errors in the statistical interpretation; the authors state the conclusions are unaffected. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10226824/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  14. Vascular occlusion recognition & management: Murray, G., Convery, C., Walker, L. and Davies, E. (2021) ‘Guideline for the Management of Hyaluronic Acid Filler-induced Vascular Occlusion’, The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 14(5), pp. E61–E69. PMID 34188752. A UK expert-committee guideline (CMAC), not a study. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8211329/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  15. Further reading · Vascular-occlusion risk factors & hyaluronidase recovery: Chakhachiro, A. and Waseem, M. (2025) ‘Risk factor analysis for vascular occlusions after dermal filler injections: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Cureus. doi:10.7759/cureus.82800. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12097758/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  16. Visual loss after facial filler (published cases, not incidence): Kato, J.M. and Matayoshi, S. (2022) ‘Visual loss after aesthetic facial filler injection: a literature review on an ophthalmologic issue’, Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 85(3), pp. 309–319. doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20220048. PMID 34852044. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11826751/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  17. Further reading · Embolic visual-loss prevention & management (denominator uncertainty): Goodman, G.J., Magnusson, M.R., Callan, P. et al. (2020) ‘A Consensus on Minimizing the Risk of Hyaluronic Acid Embolic Visual Loss and Suggestions for Immediate Bedside Management’, Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 40(9), pp. 1009–1021. doi:10.1093/asj/sjz312. A multinational expert consensus of 22 authors, graded by the journal as Level of Evidence 5. The authors state their limitations plainly: incomplete data, no prospective human studies, and no consensus reached on agents to lower intraocular pressure. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7427155/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  18. Delayed-onset nodules — management: Funt, D.K. (2022) ‘Treatment of Delayed-onset Inflammatory Reactions to Hyaluronic Acid Filler: An Algorithmic Approach’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery – Global Open, 10(6), e4362. A single-author Special Topic article presenting that author’s own treatment algorithm and opinion on triggers — expert opinion, not an incidence study. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9208893/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  19. Delayed-nodule incidence (VYC fillers, single clinic): Rivers, J.K. (2022) ‘Incidence and treatment of delayed-onset nodules after VYC filler injections to 2139 patients at a single Canadian clinic’, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 21(6), pp. 2379–2386. doi:10.1111/jocd.15013. PMID 35451214. Important: the ranges often quoted from this paper (NASHA 0.02–0.4%; modified gels 0.98–4.25%) are earlier literature estimates it repeats in its introduction, not its own findings. Its own measured incidence across 2,139 patients was 0.33%, which the authors describe as lower than those earlier estimates. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9321104/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  20. Delayed inflammatory reaction — triggers & immune status: Lee, W. et al. (2024) ‘Etiology of delayed inflammatory reaction induced by hyaluronic acid filler’, Archives of Plastic Surgery, 51(1), pp. 20–26. doi:10.1055/a-2184-6554. PMID 38425859. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10901605/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  21. Hyaluronidase applications, dosing & impending-necrosis estimates (methodology caveats): Kroumpouzos, G. and Treacy, P. (2024) ‘Hyaluronidase for Dermal Filler Complications: Review of Applications and Dosage Recommendations’, JMIR Dermatology, 7, e50403. doi:10.2196/50403. PMID 38231537. Available at: derma.jmir.org/2024/1/e50403 (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  22. Hyaluronidase evidence gap (no facial RCTs): Borzabadi-Farahani, A., Mosahebi, A. and Zargaran, D. (2024) ‘A Scoping Review of Hyaluronidase Use in Managing the Complications of Aesthetic Interventions’, Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 48(6), pp. 1193–1209. doi:10.1007/s00266-022-03207-9. PMID 36536092. 395 studies screened; only five randomised trials qualified, all in the USA, 53 subjects in total, and all on forearm, upper arm or back skin — none on the face. The authors conclude that adequately powered studies are still needed to establish protocol and dose for reversal in the facial region. Level of evidence III. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10999391/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  23. Hyaluronidase dissolving — gel type & kinetics: Hong, G., Hu, H., Wan, J. et al. (2025) ‘How should we use hyaluronidase for dissolving hyaluronic acid fillers?’, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 24(1), e16783. doi:10.1111/jocd.16783. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11733830/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  24. Hyaluronidase safety & allergy: Murray, G., Convery, C., Walker, L. and Davies, E. (2021) ‘Guideline for the Safe Use of Hyaluronidase in Aesthetic Medicine, Including Modified High-dose Protocol’, The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 14(8), pp. E69–E75. A UK expert-committee guideline (CMAC), not a study. PMID 34840662. Available at: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34840662/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  25. Needle versus cannula technique and comfort: Lee, K.W.A., Chan, L.K.W., Lee, C.H., Kim, J.-H., Rosellini, I., Junawanto, I. and Yi, K.-H. (2025) ‘Cannula is safer than needle in filler injection?’, JPRAS Open, 48, pp. 415–424. doi:10.1016/j.jpra.2025.12.002. A narrative review of trials, observational and cadaveric work and expert consensus; the authors state its scope is deliberately non-systematic. They conclude cannulas are associated with less bruising and a reduced signal for vascular occlusion in vessel-dense regions, but are not inherently risk-free. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12803860/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  26. Facial fat-compartment anatomy (cadaveric): Rohrich, R.J. and Pessa, J.E. (2007) ‘The fat compartments of the face: anatomy and clinical implications for cosmetic surgery’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 119(7), pp. 2219–2227. Available at: doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000265403.66886.54 (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  27. Further reading · Recorded adverse-event rate (denominator; recorded events undercount minor effects): Ashley, E., Parmar, A., Watson, L. and Chadha, P. (2025) ‘Retrospective Analysis of 2227 Restylane Filler Treatments in a UK Training Academy’, The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 43(2), pp. 164–169. First published online 31 March 2025; issue published June 2026. doi:10.1177/07488068251329847. Available at: doi.org/10.1177/07488068251329847 (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  28. Further reading · Ultrasound features of non-vascular complications (counts complications, not treatments): Gonzalez, C., Duque-Clavijo, V., Kroumpouzos, G., Garcia Concha, A.M. and Olmos Perez, M. (2024) ‘Ultrasonographic Features of Nonvascular Complications of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: A Retrospective Study at a Reference Center for Dermatologic Ultrasonography’, Clinics in Dermatology, 42(5), pp. 538–546. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2024.05.006. Retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study at one referral centre in Bogotá, Colombia: 52 complications in 50 patients, 88% women, infraorbital region most affected (23%). It counts complications referred for imaging, so it carries no denominator of treatments given. The authors declared no conflicts and no funding. Available at: www.cidjournal.com/article/S0738-081X(24)00080-4/abstract (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  29. Further reading · Imaging limits — MRI detects HA that ultrasound misses: Mariluis, C.A., Lagonegro, D., Cavallieri, F. and Barrera, P. (2026) ‘Where Is the Filler? Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Hidden Hyaluronic Acid in a Delayed Chin Complication’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery – Global Open, 14(1), e7412. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000007412. PMID 41523919. A single case report in which MRI detected filler missed on two ultrasound examinations. It does not establish that MRI is needed routinely. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12783995/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  30. Further reading · Biofilm — laboratory & clinical (low-level evidence): Saththianathan, M., Johani, K., Taylor, A., Hu, H., Vickery, K., Callan, P. and Deva, A.K. (2017) ‘The Role of Bacterial Biofilm in Adverse Soft-Tissue Filler Reactions: A Combined Laboratory and Clinical Study’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 139(3), pp. 613–621. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000003067. PMID 28234833. Available at: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28234833/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  31. Further reading · Delayed-nodule pathology & the biofilm debate (histology needed for granuloma): Convery, C., Davies, E., Murray, G. and Walker, L. (2021) ‘Delayed-onset Nodules (DONs) and Considering their Treatment following use of Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Fillers’, The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 14(7), pp. E59–E67. PMID 34840652. The authors state that the underlying pathologies and their incidences are largely unknown; the 0.6–0.8% figure sometimes quoted is from a four-year retrospective they cite, not their own measurement. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8570356/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  32. Further reading · Body dysmorphic disorder prevalence in aesthetic patients: Peso Navarro, I.M.M. et al. (2025) ‘Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in the aesthetic medicine practice: a systematic review’, European Psychiatry, 68(S1), S914, in Abstracts of the 33rd European Congress of Psychiatry. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.1856. This is a one-page conference abstract, not a full systematic-review paper. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12438247/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  33. Further reading · Treatment intensity vs satisfaction / regret (patient-reported outcomes): Astolfi, M., Vittori, E., Benivegna, D., Alvedro Ruiz, P., Andresen-Lorca, B., Heredia-Alcalde, I., Sánchez-García, A., Zappia, E. and Marcasciano, M. (2026) ‘Less Is More? Treatment Intensity and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Minimally Invasive Aesthetic Medicine: A Narrative Review’, Journal of Aesthetic Medicine, 2(3), 15. doi:10.3390/jaestheticmed2030015. A narrative review following PRISMA method, restricted to validated patient-reported measures with at least six months’ follow-up. Its finding: greater treatment intensity was not consistently associated with greater satisfaction, and higher dose or volume often corresponded to more dissatisfaction and regret. Available at: www.mdpi.com/3042-6774/2/3/15 (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  34. Lip duration & satisfaction (product-specific): Eccleston, D. and Murphy, D.K. (2012) ‘Juvéderm Volbella in the perioral area: a 12-month prospective, multicenter, open-label study’, Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 5, pp. 167–172. doi:10.2147/CCID.S35800. Available at: doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S35800 (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  35. Midface duration & satisfaction (randomised, controlled): Ren, R. et al. (2024) ‘Restoring long-lasting midface volume in the Asian face with a hyaluronic acid filler: A randomized controlled multicenter study’, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 23(6), pp. 1985–1991. doi:10.1111/jocd.16221. Available at: doi.org/10.1111/jocd.16221 (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  36. Further reading · Nose duration & satisfaction (small selected cohort): Liew, S., Scamp, T., de Maio, M., Halstead, M., Johnston, N., Silberberg, M. and Rogers, J.D. (2016) ‘Efficacy and Safety of a Hyaluronic Acid Filler to Correct Aesthetically Detracting or Deficient Features of the Asian Nose: A Prospective, Open-Label, Long-Term Study’, Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 36(7), pp. 760–772. doi:10.1093/asj/sjw079. PMID 27301371. PMCID PMC4911905. Prospective, open-label, long-term study; Level of Evidence 3. Twenty-nine carefully screened Asian patients treated with Juvéderm VOLUMA with lidocaine for non-surgical nose correction, followed for over 12 months. At the final visit 23 of 29 (79.3%) were satisfied or very satisfied and 25 of 29 (86.2%) would recommend it. The author list includes Allergan employees and medical-affairs personnel. These figures describe this product in this screened cohort at this site, and do not transfer to other filler sites or products. Available at: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27301371/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  37. Nasolabial-fold duration (severity scale): Prager, W. et al. (2012) ‘A prospective, split-face, randomized, comparative study of safety and 12-month longevity of three formulations of hyaluronic acid dermal filler for treatment of nasolabial folds’, Dermatologic Surgery, 38(7 Pt 2), pp. 1143–1150. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2012.02468.x. Available at: doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2012.02468.x (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  38. Further reading · Tear-trough duration (retrospective): Puyana, C. and Montes, J.R. (2025) ‘Long-Term Effects of Tear Trough Hyaluronic Acid Filler: A Retrospective Study’, The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 18(11), pp. 44–47. PMID 41446717. 155 patients treated 2007–2023; infraorbital hollowing graded on the Merz Infraorbital Hollow Assessment Scale; mean 0.45 ml per hollow by cannula; mixed products (Belotero Balance, Juvéderm Vollure XC, Restylane, Juvéderm Volbella XC). The second author declares speaker, trainer and advisory-board roles with Allergan-AbbVie, Galderma and Merz. Available at: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41446717/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  39. Further reading · Forehead duration (technique-specific retrospective): Rauso, R. and Zerbinati, N. (2026) ‘Long-term Stability and Hyaluronic Acid Filler Selection for Forehead Contouring’, The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 37(5), pp. 1084–1088. doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000011652. PMID 40601608. Epub 2 July 2025. The authors report no conflicts of interest. Retrospective series of 38 patients — 36 of them male — mean age 47.6, treated 2021–2024 to correct frontal bossing and restore forehead contour, using a low-G′ (20 Pa) monophasic gel placed just above the periosteum, mean 16 ml per patient. VAS satisfaction averaged 91 at 12 months; follow-up to 36 months showed stable results. Available at: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40601608/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  40. Multi-zone duration (prospective, non-comparative): Cartier, H., Deutsch, J.J., Braccini, F. et al. (2025) ‘Long-Term Performance and Safety of a Superficial HA Filler With Tri-Hyal Technology on Different Facial Zones: Forehead, Cheeks, Crow’s Feet, and Upper Lips’, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 24(1), e16565. doi:10.1111/jocd.16565. PMID 39704133. The full methods describe an 18-month prospective, non-comparative study in 196 adults, despite the abstract describing it as randomised and single-blind. There was no untreated control. It studied a superficial fine-lines gel, not deep structural volume replacement. Available at: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39704133/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  41. Filler rheology — behaviour under shear and compression: Pierre, S., Liew, S. and Bernardin, A. (2015) ‘Basics of dermal filler rheology’, Dermatologic Surgery, 41(Suppl 1), pp. S120–S126. doi:10.1097/DSS.0000000000000334. PMID 25828036. A narrative review; the first author was employed by a filler manufacturer at the time of publication. Available at: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25828036/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  42. Blood-vessel complications in a retrospective clinician survey: Alam, M., Kakar, R., Dover, J.S., Harikumar, V., Kang, B.Y., Wan, H.T., Poon, E. and Jones, D.H. (2021) ‘Rates of Vascular Occlusion Associated With Using Needles vs Cannulas for Filler Injection’, JAMA Dermatology, 157(2), pp. 174–180. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.5102. PMID 33377939. A retrospective clinician self-report survey in which 370 board-certified dermatologists self-reported practice data on forms (August 2018 – August 2019), covering about 1.7 million syringes. That total includes several filler types. The needle-and-cannula figures shown in the study summary on this page relate to HA filler only. Occlusions were graded as no sequelae, scar, or ocular injury/blindness. Available at: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33377939/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  43. Vascular-occlusion recovery categories & hyaluronidase timing (case-based): Sito, G., Manzoni, V. and Sommariva, R. (2019) ‘Vascular complications after facial filler injection: a literature review and meta-analysis’, Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 12(6), pp. E65–E72. Available at: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31360292/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  44. HA metabolism & BDDE cross-linking: De Boulle, K., Glogau, R., Kono, T., Nathan, M., Tezel, A., Roca-Martinez, J.-X., Paliwal, S. and Stroumpoulis, D. (2013) ‘A Review of the Metabolism of 1,4-Butanediol Diglycidyl Ether–Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers’, Dermatologic Surgery, 39(12), pp. 1758–1766. doi:10.1111/dsu.12301. PMID 23941624. PMCID PMC4264939. Five of the eight authors — Nathan, Tezel, Roca-Martinez, Paliwal and Stroumpoulis — were Allergan employees. This is a narrative industry review, not an independent clinical safety trial, and it concludes that physicians should be confident offering these products. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4264939/ (Accessed: 22 July 2026).
  45. Delayed-nodule incidence compared between gel types: Sadeghpour, M., Quatrano, N.A., Bonati, L.M., Arndt, K.A., Dover, J.S. and Kaminer, M.S. (2019) ‘Delayed-onset Nodules to Differentially Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acids: Comparative Incidence and Risk Assessment’, Dermatologic Surgery, 45(8), pp. 1085–1094. doi:10.1097/DSS.0000000000001814. Retrospective chart review: 1,029 patients, 1,250 treatments with one manufacturer’s modified-gel range. Five patients developed delayed nodules to one product in that range — 1.0% per patient, 0.8% per syringe — and none to the other two. The comparison with older NASHA gels is drawn from regulatory summary data, not a head-to-head trial. Available at: doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000001814 (Accessed: 1 August 2026).
  46. Anaphylaxis — symptoms and emergency action: NHS (2023, current online guidance) Anaphylaxis. Official UK patient guidance supporting the 999 instruction for sudden lip, mouth, throat or tongue swelling; breathing or swallowing difficulty; colour change; severe confusion, drowsiness, dizziness or collapse. It is not evidence of filler incidence or efficacy. Available at: www.nhs.uk/conditions/anaphylaxis/ (Accessed: 3 August 2026).
  47. UK patient guidance on preparation, recovery and duration: British Cosmetic Dermatology Group (2025) Dermal Fillers (Soft Tissue Fillers). Patient information leaflet (Accessed: 28 September 2026).
  48. Technique, displacement and patient misconceptions — expert review: Bertucci V, et al. (2026). Patient Misconceptions About Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: Experience-Based Considerations. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, sjag144. Read the paper Level 5 evidence; authors disclose industry relationships. It does not quantify the proportion of migration caused by technique. (Accessed: 28 September 2026).
  49. Regulatory safety data and limits of incidence estimates: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2025) Executive Summary: General Issues Panel Meeting on Dermal Fillers, 13 August, p. 10. Adverse-event reports do not provide a reliable treatment denominator and may undercount events. Read the FDA report (Accessed: 29 September 2026).
  50. Serious complications in a Japanese clinic group — retrospective records: Taichi Tamura, Takahiko Tamura, Kohki Okumura, Yusuke Funakoshi and Hiroo Teranishi (2025). Serious Complications of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers—A Retrospective Study of 290,307 Cases. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 94(6), 630–633. Published 1 June 2025. DOI: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000004327. PMID: 40358958 · Read the original study abstract.
  51. MIHAS categories — scale explanation only: Merz North America, Inc. Belotero Balance (+): Patient Information Guide. Merz Infraorbital Hollow Assessment Scale (MIHAS), p. 7. Hosted by the US Food and Drug Administration. Read the patient information guide. This reference supports the scale categories; it is not the source of the Puyana study outcomes.
  52. Chin retrusion — randomised trial: Marcus, K. et al. (2022) ‘A Randomized Trial to Assess Effectiveness and Safety of a Hyaluronic Acid Filler for Chin Augmentation and Correction of Chin Retrusion’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 150(6), pp. 1240e–1248e. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000009733. Available at: Read the full study (Accessed: 7 October 2026).
  53. Chin augmentation — patient satisfaction: Sahan, A., Karaosmanoglu, N. and Ozdemir Cetinkaya, P. (2020) ‘Chin augmentation with the use of cannula from a single, midline entry point: Evaluation of 50 patients’, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 19(6), pp. 1301–1306. doi:10.1111/jocd.13411. Available at: Read the original study (Accessed: 7 October 2026).
  54. Delayed inflammation after dermal filler: US Food and Drug Administration. Dermal Filler Do’s and Don’ts for Wrinkles, Lips and More. FDA consumer guidance (Accessed: 8 October 2026).

This page provides general information. It cannot determine individual suitability and does not replace medical assessment, consent or treatment-specific aftercare.

Written and clinically reviewed by

Piotr Wojtowicz

MPharm · Pharmacist Independent Prescriber MSc Cosmetic & Aesthetic Medicine PGDip Dermatology in Clinical Practice

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